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ENV/DEV/634 |
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GLOBAL WARMING TRIGGERS GLACIAL Himalayan Mountain Lakes at High Risk of Bursting Banks, GENEVA/LONDON/NAIROBI, 16 April (UN Information Service) -- Nearly 50 lakes, high in the Himalayas, could burst their banks sending millions of gallons of deadly floodwaters swirling down valleys, putting at risk tens of thousands of lives, scientists are warning. The lakes are rapidly filling with icy water as rising temperatures in the region accelerate the melting of glaciers and snowfields that feed them. In Nepal, for example, data from 49 monitoring stations reveals a clear increase in temperature since the mid-1970s, with highest temperatures found at higher altitudes. On average, air temperatures here are one degree Celsius higher than in the 1970s, rising by 0.06 degrees per year. It is not just people who are at risk but many millions of dollars worth of property, tourism facilities, trekking trails, roads, bridges and hydro-electric plants, which are the economic lifeblood of many countries in the region. Scientists with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) have found at least 44 glacial lakes that are filling so rapidly they could burst their banks in as little as five years' time. Surendra Shrestha, Regional Coordinator in Asia for UNEP's Division of Early Warning and Assessment, said: "Our findings indicate that 20 glacial lakes in Nepal and 24 in Bhutan have become potentially dangerous as a result of climate change. We have evidence that any one of these could, unless urgent action is taken, burst its banks in five to 10 years’ time with potentially catastrophic results for people and property hundreds of kilometres downstream. These are the ones we know about. Who knows how many others, elsewhere in the Himalayas and across the world, are in a similar critical state?" Pradeep Mool, a remote sensing expert with ICIMOD, said work is under way to lower the water levels of one critical glacial lake pinpointed by on the ground surveys and new satellite images. This is the Tsho Rolpa Lake that feeds the Rolwaling and Tama Koshi valleys in the Dolakha District of Nepal. The researchers have found that, as a result of the melting of a nearby glacier, the lake has grown sixfold, from an area of 0.23 square kilometres in the late 1950s to one of 1.4 square kilometres now. "A flood from this lake could cause serious damage down to the village of Tribeni, which is 108km downstream, threatening about 10,000 human lives, thousands of livestock, agricultural land, bridges and other infrastructure," said Mr. Mool. A high-tech communications network of sensors and sirens has been linked from the lake to villages at risk from floodwaters. Engineering work is under way to lower the water levels at Tsho Rolpa by 30 metres. Nevertheless, experts say money is needed urgently to carry out similar work on scores of other glacial lakes if catastrophes are to be averted. "Part of our work is to help the Governments of Nepal and Bhutan find and focus on potentially dangerous lakes, develop early warning systems, be able to warn communities of an impending Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), and to carry out engineering works to reduce the threats. Some donor country governments are backing our efforts but much more aid is needed. Solving this problem is going to be costly because glacial lakes are situated in remote areas which are difficult to reach," said Mr. Shrestha. The findings, to be published in 2002, come in the International Year of the Mountains. The United Nations hopes the year will highlight the fragility and threats to these vital ecosystems from global warming, unsustainable tourism, pollution and other impacts. It is also hoped that the year will galvanize governments, industry, non-governmental organizations and the public to act to protect the world's precious mountain ranges for future generations. Klaus Töpfer, Executive Director of UNEP, said: "Mountains were once considered indomitable, unchanging and impregnable. But we are learning that they are as vulnerable as the world's oceans, grasslands and forests to environmental threats and insensitive, unfettered, development." Speaking on the eve of a meeting of the UNEP/WMO Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the scientific body that advises the UN and governments on global warming, taking place in Geneva, Switzerland, he added: "Climate change is the biggest threat facing humankind with extreme weather events, droughts and rises in disease forecast for many parts of the globe over the coming decades." "The findings from our joint studies in the Himalayas, the roof of the world, reveals the extent of a new, and alarming, threat. It is not just the risk to human lives, agriculture and property that should worry us. Mountains are the world's water towers feeding the rivers and lakes upon which all life depends. If the glaciers continue to retreat at the rates being seen in places like the Himalayas, then many rivers and freshwater systems could run dry, threatening drinking water supplies as well as fisheries and wildlife. We now have another compelling reason to act to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases," said Mr. Töpfer. Climate change and other environment and development issues, including those affecting mountains, will be at the heart of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, scheduled to take place in Johannesburg, South Africa later this year. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) are not a new phenomenon but there is evidence that the frequency of such events has risen over the past three decades. In August 1985, a sudden outburst flood from the Dig Tsho glacial lake in Nepal destroyed 14 bridges and $1.5 million worth of damage was caused to the nearly completed Namche Small Hydropower Plant. The new research, announced today, began in 1999 and is based on topographic maps, aerial photographs and satellite images from Landsat, Spot and IRS craft. The survey has identified 3,252 glaciers and 2,323 glacial lakes in Nepal and 677 glaciers and 2,674 glacial lakes in Bhutan. The researchers estimate 20 glacial lakes in Nepal and 24 in Bhutan are potentially dangerous. For example, Bhutan's Raphstreng Tsho glacial lake in the Pho Chu River sub-basin measured 1.6 km long, 0.96 km wide and was 80 metres deep in 1986. The latest figures (1995) show the lake has swollen to be 1.94 km long, 1.13 km wide and has a depth of 107 metres. Its neighboring glacier could generate a GLOF up to two-and-a-half-times that which caused major devastation in October 1994. The 43 other glacial lakes, pinpointed in the survey and deemed to be in a dangerous state, show similar patterns. The filling of the lakes, and the threat of their mud and debris walls being breached, is as a result of rising temperatures melting the glaciers. Satellite, mapping and other surveys indicate that, for example, the glaciers in Bhutan are retreating at a rate of 30 to 40 metres a year. In some areas the retreat is even faster. The Tradkarding glacier, which feeds the Tsho Rolpa glacial lake in Nepal's Rolwaling Valley, is retreating at a rate of over 20 metres a year and, in some years within the last decade, reached 100 metres per year. The UNEP Regional Resource Centre-Asia and the Pacific, ICIMOD's Division of Mountain Environment and Natural Resources Information System, the Department of Geology and Mines of the Royal Government of Bhutan, and the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology of His Majesty's Government of Nepal carried out the research. The full reports, including video clips and photographs can be found at: http://www.rrcap.unep.org/glofbhutan/start.htm (for Bhutan) http://www.rrcap.unep.org/glofnepal/start.htm (for Nepal). Maps pin pointing those glacial lakes assessed as dangerous can be found at: http://www.grida.no/inf/news/news02/news30.htm. Background information on UNEP's glacial lake outburst flood monitoring and early warning word can be found on the Web at http://www.rrcap.unep.org/issues/glof/. For more information please contact: Nick Nuttall, UNEP head of Media, on Tel: 254 2 623084, mobile: 254 733 632755, e-mail: nick.nuttall@unep.org; Robert Bisset, UNEP Press Officer and Europe Spokesperson on mobile +33-6-2272-5842, e-mail: robert.bisset@unep.fr, or Greta Rana, Division Head, Information Communication and Outreach Division of ICIMOD, Tel: 977 1525313, e-mail: greta@icimod.org.np. * *** * |
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